---
title: VRF Key Management
description: Guide to managing VRF keys for multi-validator encryption
---

# VRF Key Management

VRF (Verifiable Random Function) keys are essential for consensus-based encryption in multi-validator Sonr networks. This guide explains how VRF keys work, how to manage them, and how to troubleshoot common issues.

## Overview

VRF keys enable:
- **Deterministic randomness** in distributed systems
- **Multi-validator encryption** key derivation
- **Consensus-based key rotation** when validator sets change
- **Secure encryption** without requiring shared secrets

## Automatic Generation

VRF keys are automatically generated when you initialize a new node:

```bash
snrd init <moniker> --chain-id sonrtest_1-1
```

This creates:
- VRF keypair at `~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key`
- Deterministic generation from chain-id
- Secure 0600 permissions (owner read/write only)

## VRF Key Commands

The `snrd keys vrf` command suite provides complete VRF key management:

### Show VRF Key Information

Display your node's VRF public key and verify configuration:

```bash
snrd keys vrf show
```

Example output:
```
VRF Key Information:
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Key Path:        /home/user/.sonr/vrf_secret.key
Public Key:      d2d8f52119ba12f7f41b004314e3d040526393f09ba434f5b4196c4242ddac0d
Key Size:        64 bytes
Public Key Size: 32 bytes
Permissions:     -rw-------
Modified:        2025-09-27 00:33:11

✓ VRF keys are properly configured
```

### Verify VRF Functionality

Test that VRF keys are working correctly:

```bash
snrd keys vrf verify
```

This performs:
- VRF key loading
- Public key derivation
- Test VRF computation with proof
- Cryptographic verification

### Generate New VRF Keys

Generate or regenerate VRF keys (with backup):

```bash
# Generate for current chain
snrd keys vrf generate

# Generate for specific chain
snrd keys vrf generate --chain-id sonrtest_1-1

# Force regenerate (creates backup)
snrd keys vrf generate --force
```

**⚠️ Warning**: Regenerating VRF keys will invalidate existing consensus-based encryption keys. Only do this if you understand the implications.

## Multi-Validator Testnet Setup

When setting up a multi-validator testnet, ensure each validator generates unique VRF keys:

### Using Scripts

The testnet scripts automatically generate VRF keys:

```bash
# Single node testnet
CHAIN_ID="sonrtest_1-1" CLEAN=true bash scripts/test_node.sh

# Multi-node testnet with Starship
make start
```

### Manual Setup

For manual validator setup:

1. **Initialize each validator**:
   ```bash
   snrd init validator-01 --chain-id sonrtest_1-1
   ```

2. **Verify VRF keys**:
   ```bash
   snrd keys vrf verify
   ```

3. **Check permissions**:
   ```bash
   ls -la ~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key
   # Should show: -rw------- (0600)
   ```

## Encryption Configuration

VRF keys are only required when encryption is enabled. You can control encryption via module parameters:

### Check Encryption Status

```bash
snrd query dwn params
```

Look for the `encryption_enabled` field.

### Disable Encryption

If you don't need encryption features, you can disable them:

```bash
# Via governance proposal
snrd tx gov submit-proposal param-change proposal.json
```

With `proposal.json`:
```json
{
  "title": "Disable DWN Encryption",
  "description": "Disable encryption features",
  "changes": [
    {
      "subspace": "dwn",
      "key": "EncryptionEnabled",
      "value": "false"
    }
  ]
}
```

## Troubleshooting

### Error: "VRF keys not loaded"

**Cause**: VRF keys are missing or corrupted.

**Solution**:
1. Check if keys exist:
   ```bash
   ls -la ~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key
   ```

2. If missing, generate keys:
   ```bash
   snrd keys vrf generate --chain-id sonrtest_1-1
   ```

3. If present but corrupted, regenerate:
   ```bash
   snrd keys vrf generate --force
   ```

### Error: "Failed to check and perform key rotation"

**Cause**: VRF keys not available during EndBlock, but encryption is enabled.

**Solution**:
1. Verify VRF keys:
   ```bash
   snrd keys vrf verify
   ```

2. Or disable encryption if not needed:
   ```bash
   # Check current params
   snrd query dwn params

   # Submit governance proposal to disable
   ```

### Incorrect Permissions

**Cause**: VRF key file has insecure permissions.

**Fix**:
```bash
chmod 0600 ~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key
```

### Single-Node vs Multi-Validator

- **Single-node development**: Works without VRF keys (deterministic fallback)
- **Multi-validator testnet**: Requires VRF keys for consensus encryption
- **Production**: Always use VRF keys with proper security

## Security Best Practices

### Key Storage

- **Never share** VRF private keys between validators
- **Backup** VRF keys securely (offline storage)
- **Rotate** validator nodes if keys are compromised
- **Monitor** file permissions regularly

### File Permissions

Always ensure restrictive permissions:

```bash
# Check permissions
ls -la ~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key

# Fix if needed
chmod 0600 ~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key
chown $(whoami):$(whoami) ~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key
```

### Key Backup

Backup your VRF keys securely:

```bash
# Create encrypted backup
tar -czf vrf-backup.tar.gz -C ~/.sonr vrf_secret.key
gpg --symmetric --cipher-algo AES256 vrf-backup.tar.gz

# Store vrf-backup.tar.gz.gpg securely offline
```

### Recovery

Restore from backup:

```bash
# Decrypt backup
gpg --decrypt vrf-backup.tar.gz.gpg > vrf-backup.tar.gz

# Extract to correct location
tar -xzf vrf-backup.tar.gz -C ~/.sonr/

# Verify permissions
chmod 0600 ~/.sonr/vrf_secret.key
snrd keys vrf verify
```

## Advanced Topics

### Deterministic Generation

VRF keys are generated deterministically from the chain-id using SHA256. This means:
- Same chain-id = same VRF keys
- Different validators should use different chain configurations
- Re-running `snrd init` with same chain-id produces same keys

### VRF Algorithm

Sonr uses **VRF based on Ed25519** (Curve25519):
- Private key: 64 bytes (32 bytes secret + 32 bytes public)
- Public key: 32 bytes
- Proof: 80 bytes
- Output: 32 bytes of verifiable randomness

### Consensus Encryption

Multi-validator encryption key derivation:
1. Each validator computes VRF output from consensus input
2. VRF outputs are combined to derive encryption key
3. Automatic rotation when validator set changes
4. Keys are never transmitted over network

## See Also

- [Configure Local Node](/guides/configure-local-node) - Node setup guide
- [Development](/guides/development) - Development environment setup
- [Deployment](/guides/deployment) - Production deployment guide