---
title: Schnorr proofs
description: Non-interactive proof of knowledge of a discrete log over any curve in core/curves, with an optional commit-then-reveal variant used by this module's DKG and OT protocols.
sidebar:
  label: Schnorr
  order: 2
  icon: badge-check
---

`zkp/schnorr` implements a single, small, well-scoped thing: a Fiat-Shamir-compiled proof
that you know the scalar behind a curve point. Its package doc names its source — Doerner et
al., [eprint 2018/499](https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/499.pdf) — and implements Functionality 6
(the plain proof) and Functionality 7 (the committed variant) from that paper.

This is the most heavily used primitive in the repository. It is the proof that Alice and Bob
exchange in DKLs threshold-ECDSA key generation, and the proof the sender uses to convince the
receiver it knows its own base-OT secret key.

## What is actually proved

Given a base point `B` and a witness scalar `x`, the prover publishes the statement
`X = x·B` together with a challenge/response pair `(C, S)`. Writing `k` for a fresh random
nonce and `sid` for `uniqueSessionId`:

$$
C = H(\text{sid} \parallel B \parallel X \parallel k \cdot B), \qquad
S = C \cdot x + k
$$

The verifier never sees `k`. It recovers the nonce point from the response and re-derives the
challenge:

$$
C' = H(\text{sid} \parallel B \parallel X \parallel (S \cdot B - C \cdot X))
$$

and accepts only if `C'` equals `C`, compared with `crypto/subtle.ConstantTimeCompare`. The
hash is SHA3-256; the digest is widened to a scalar with `Scalar.SetBytesWide`. A verifier
learns that *some* `x` satisfying `X = x·B` is known to the prover, and learns nothing else
about it.

## When to use it

Reach for this when a protocol participant must demonstrate honest generation of a public
value derived from a secret it keeps — a key share, an OT secret key, a nonce commitment.
It is the standard defence against a party contributing a public point whose discrete log it
does not know.

Do **not** reach for it as a signature scheme. The statement is not bound to a message, only
to `uniqueSessionId` and the base point, so it authenticates nothing about payload data. For
signing use [ECDSA](/signatures/ecdsa) or [BLS](/signatures/bls). Do not reach for it to prove
anything other than discrete-log knowledge: there is no range, no set membership, and no
relation between multiple statements here.

## API

<TypeTable
  type={{
    "NewProver": {
      type: "func(curve *curves.Curve, basepoint curves.Point, uniqueSessionId []byte) *Prover",
      required: true,
      description: "Binds a curve, a base point, and a domain separator. Never returns an error.",
    },
    "Prover.Prove": {
      type: "func(x curves.Scalar) (*Proof, error)",
      required: true,
      description: "Computes Statement = x·basepoint and the (c, s) pair. One curve multiplication for the statement plus one for the nonce point.",
    },
    "Prover.ProveCommit": {
      type: "func(x curves.Scalar) (*Proof, Commitment, error)",
      description: "Same proof, plus SHA3-256(c || s) as a commitment to open later.",
    },
    "Verify": {
      type: "func(proof *Proof, curve *curves.Curve, basepoint curves.Point, uniqueSessionId []byte) error",
      required: true,
      description: "Returns nil on success, an error on failure. There is no boolean return.",
    },
    "DecommitVerify": {
      type: "func(proof *Proof, commitment Commitment, curve *curves.Curve, basepoint curves.Point, uniqueSessionId []byte) error",
      description: "Checks the proof opens the commitment, then verifies the proof.",
    },
  }}
/>

### Types

`Commitment` is a plain type alias for `[]byte` — no wrapper, no methods.

<TypeTable
  type={{
    Statement: {
      type: "curves.Point",
      required: true,
      description: "The point whose discrete log is proved: x · basepoint. Constructed by Prove, not supplied by the caller.",
    },
    C: {
      type: "curves.Scalar",
      required: true,
      description: "The Fiat-Shamir challenge scalar.",
    },
    S: {
      type: "curves.Scalar",
      required: true,
      description: "The response scalar, c·x + k.",
    },
  }}
/>

All three `Proof` fields are exported, so the struct serializes directly. `tecdsa/dklsv1`
transmits it with `encoding/gob` in `dkgserializers.go`.

### The `basepoint == nil` shorthand

Both `NewProver` and `Verify` accept `basepoint == nil` and substitute
`curve.NewGeneratorPoint()`. Passing `nil` on one side and an explicit generator on the other
is safe because it resolves to the same point. Passing a *different* point on the two sides is
not: the base point is hashed into the challenge, so verification simply fails.

Proving with respect to a non-generator base point is a real use case, not a curiosity.
`tecdsa/dklsv1/sign` proves knowledge of Alice's nonce `kA` with respect to Bob's point `DB`,
so that the statement is exactly `R = kA · DB`:

```go
rSchnorrProver := schnorr.NewProver(alice.curve, round2Output.DB, uniqueSessionId[:])
round3Output.RSchnorrProof, err = rSchnorrProver.Prove(kA)
```

## Basic proof and verification

Grounded in `zkp/schnorr/schnorr_test.go`, which runs this exact flow over K256, P256,
PALLAS, BLS12-377 G1/G2, BLS12-381 G1/G2, and ED25519.

```go proof.go
package main

import (
	"crypto/rand"
	"fmt"

	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"

	"github.com/sonr-io/crypto/core/curves"
	"github.com/sonr-io/crypto/zkp/schnorr"
)

func main() {
	curve := curves.K256()

	// Both sides must agree on these bytes, byte for byte.
	uniqueSessionId := sha3.New256().Sum([]byte("my-protocol/dkg/round-3"))

	// Prover side: nil basepoint means the curve's default generator.
	prover := schnorr.NewProver(curve, nil, uniqueSessionId)
	secret := curve.Scalar.Random(rand.Reader)

	proof, err := prover.Prove(secret)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	// proof.Statement == secret * G, and is what the verifier will treat
	// as the public key.
	fmt.Println("statement:", proof.Statement.ToAffineCompressed())

	// Verifier side: same curve, same basepoint convention, same session id.
	if err := schnorr.Verify(proof, curve, nil, uniqueSessionId); err != nil {
		panic(err) // "schnorr verification failed"
	}
}
```

## The committed variant

`ProveCommit` returns the proof *and* `SHA3-256(C.Bytes() || S.Bytes())`. A protocol sends
the commitment first, waits for the counterparty to commit to its own contribution, and only
then reveals the proof, which `DecommitVerify` checks against the earlier commitment before
verifying it.

The reason is ordering, not secrecy. Without it, whichever party speaks second can choose its
key share *after* seeing the first party's public point, and bias the combined public key.
Committing first removes that freedom.

This is precisely how DKLs 2-of-2 DKG is wired in `tecdsa/dklsv1/dkg`:

<Steps>
  <Step title="Alice commits">
    Alice builds a prover over her session id and calls `ProveCommit(alice.secretKeyShare)`.
    She keeps the `*schnorr.Proof` in memory and sends only the `schnorr.Commitment`.
  </Step>
  <Step title="Bob proves in the clear">
    Bob stores `round2Output.Commitment`, builds his own prover, and calls
    `Prove(bob.secretKeyShare)`, sending the full proof.
  </Step>
  <Step title="Alice verifies and reveals">
    `Round4VerifyAndReveal` calls `schnorr.Verify` on Bob's proof, then returns Alice's
    previously withheld proof.
  </Step>
  <Step title="Bob decommits and verifies">
    `Round5DecommitmentAndStartOt` calls
    `schnorr.DecommitVerify(proof, bob.aliceCommitment, bob.curve, nil, bob.aliceSalt[:])`.
    Only after this does Bob derive `bob.publicKey = proof.Statement.Mul(bob.secretKeyShare)`.
  </Step>
</Steps>

```go committed.go
prover := schnorr.NewProver(curve, nil, uniqueSessionId)

proof, commitment, err := prover.ProveCommit(secret)
if err != nil {
	panic(err)
}

// ... round trip: send `commitment`, receive the peer's contribution ...
// ... then send `proof` ...

if err := schnorr.DecommitVerify(proof, commitment, curve, nil, uniqueSessionId); err != nil {
	panic(err) // "initial hash decommitment failed" or "schnorr verification failed"
}
```

## Caveats

:::warning[uniqueSessionId is load-bearing]
`uniqueSessionId` is the first thing hashed into the challenge. It is the domain separator
that binds a proof to one execution of one protocol, and prover and verifier **must** pass
byte-identical values or verification fails with a generic
`"schnorr verification failed"` — you get no hint that the session ids diverged.

Two failure modes matter:

- **Reuse across contexts.** A proof made under session id `S` verifies under session id `S`
  anywhere. If you use a constant, a proof captured from one sub-protocol replays into
  another. Derive it from a live transcript. The repo's own callers do: `dklsv1` and
  `simplest` build it from a hash of protocol-specific salts and seeds.
- **Attacker-chosen ids.** If a remote party picks the session id you verify under, it picks
  the domain the proof is bound to. Derive it from data both sides contributed, never from
  one side's unilateral input.
:::

:::note[The commitment covers only (C, S)]
`ProveCommit` hashes `C.Bytes()` and `S.Bytes()` — it does **not** hash `Statement`. The
statement is still bound, but indirectly: `Verify` recomputes the challenge from the statement,
so an opened proof only verifies against the statement it was made for. Do not, however,
treat the `Commitment` as a standalone commitment to the public point; it is not one, and it
carries no information about which statement will be revealed.
:::

:::warning[No message binding]
The challenge covers `uniqueSessionId`, the base point, the statement, and the nonce point.
It does not cover any application message. This is a proof of knowledge, not a signature. If
you need to bind a payload, fold that payload into `uniqueSessionId` before constructing the
prover.
:::

:::info[Error shape]
`Verify` and `DecommitVerify` return `error`, not `(bool, error)`. A `nil` return is the only
success signal. Do not ignore the error value; there is no other output to inspect.
:::

The `Prover` struct itself is stateless with respect to the witness — it holds only the curve,
base point, and session id, so a single prover can produce proofs for many different witnesses
under the same domain. Each `Prove` call draws a fresh nonce `k` from `crypto/rand`.

## Where this is used in the module

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Threshold ECDSA" href="/threshold/threshold-ecdsa" icon="users">
    `tecdsa/dklsv1` uses the committed variant in DKG rounds 3–5, and the plain variant with a
    custom base point during signing.
  </Card>
  <Card title="Oblivious transfer" href="/threshold/oblivious-transfer" icon="shuffle">
    `ot/base/simplest` has the sender prove knowledge of its base-OT secret key in round 1,
    which the receiver verifies before any transfer.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>